The sum-of-squares complexity of linear-algebraic principles

We study the degree needed for sum-of-squares (SoS) proofs of several basic principles of real linear algebra. For any $n\times n$ matrix $A$ of rank greater than $r$, the Weak Rank Principle states that the equations $XY^\top=A$ with $n\times r$ matrix variables $X, Y$ have no solution. We show that this principle requires degree exactly $2r+2$ to prove. On the other hand, for $A=I_n$, setting $X = Y$ gives the Tight Frame Principle, which has a degree-$4$ proof. For $n\times n$ matrices, proving that a right inverse is also a left inverse requires degree exactly $2n+2$, while proving that orthonormal rows imply orthonormal columns again has a degree-4 proof. Using our lower bounds, we also derive related SoS degree lower bounds for polynomial systems encoding sign rank, matrix rigidity, small-width homogeneous non-commutative algebraic branching programs, and tensor CP rank. Lastly, we show that quantitative bounds on the Frobenius norms of the factors in the Weak Rank Principle can lower the degree required to refute $XY^\top=I_n$, but sufficiently large bounds still preserve the exact degree $2r+2$ from the unbounded case, giving a quantitative version of the Archimedean property arising in classical results on SoS proofs.