MANTA: Unlocking DAG Flexibility in Asynchronous BFT

Abstract

DAG-based BFT protocols marked a shift in consensus design by replacing single-leader proposal paths with concurrent block proposals linked through a shared graph, where references encode consensus evidence. However, under heterogeneous wide-area networks (WANs), existing designs suffer from prolonged rounds and degraded performance due to straggler effects. The root cause is rigid round advancement: replicas move in synchronized rounds, waiting for enough references from the previous round before advancing. We propose a flexible DAG growth framework for asynchronous BFT consensus. Our key observation is that while reference quorums are necessary for safety and liveness, they need not block every round advancement. Instead, the connectivity required for commitment can be accumulated across rounds. Within the framework, we instantiate MANTA, which combines flexible DAG growth to advance by relaxing round synchronization and flexible coin to trigger leader election and finality earlier. Experiments on heterogeneous WAN deployments show that MANTA reduces latency by approximately 30%-70% in our evaluation.