A Constraint on Planck-scale Modifications to Electrodynamics with CMB polarization data

Abstract

We show that the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization data gathered by the BOOMERanG 2003 flight and WMAP provide an opportunity to investigate in-vacuo birefringence, of a type expected in some quantum pictures of space-time, with a sensitivity that extends even beyond the desired Planck-scale energy. In order to render this constraint more transparent we rely on a well studied phenomenological model of quantum-gravity-induced birefringence, in which one easily establishes that effects introduced at the Planck scale would amount to values of a dimensionless parameter, denoted by $ξ$, with respect to the Planck energy which are roughly of order 1. By combining BOOMERanG and WMAP data we estimate $ξ\simeq -0.110 \pm 0.076$ at the 68% c.l. Moreover, we forecast on the sensitivity to $ξ$ achievable by future CMB polarization experiments (PLANCK, Spider, EPIC), which, in the absence of systematics, will be at the 1-$σ$ confidence of $8.5 \times 10^{-4}$ (PLANCK), $6.1 \times 10^{-3}$ (Spider), and $1.0 \times 10^{-5}$ (EPIC) respectively. The cosmic variance-limited sensitivity from CMB is $6.1\times 10^{-6}$.