Fractional very fast diffusion equations in Lebesgue spaces: uniqueness and smoothing effects

We investigate forward and backward smoothing effects in Lebesgue spaces $L^p$ and $\mathcal{M}^p:=L^{p,\infty}$ for the Cauchy problem associated to the nonlinear and nonlocal fractional diffusion equation $\partial_t u+(-Δ)^{\frac\sigma2}|u|^{m-1}u=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^N$, $0<σ<2$, in the very fast range $0<m\le m_c:=\frac{N-σ}{N}$. We prove that very weak solutions have an $\mathcal{M}^p$–$L^\infty$ smoothing effect if $p>p^*:=\frac{N}σ(1-m)$, and we construct counterexamples showing the failure of any $L^p$–$\mathcal{M}^q$ forward ($q>p$) smoothing effect if $1< p< p^*$, $m<m_c$ or $L^1$–$\mathcal{M}^q$ ($q>1$) if $m=m_c$. We also prove a backward $\mathcal{M}^p$–$L^1$ smoothing effect whenever $1\le p<p^*$, $m<m_c$, and we construct counterexamples showing that there is no $L^p$–$\mathcal{M}^q$ backward ($q<p$) smoothing effect if $p> p^*$. Regarding the threshold value $p=p^*$, we prove that all solutions starting in $\mathcal{M}^{p^*}$ become extinct in finite time, and show the failure of any $\mathcal{M}^{p^*}$–$\mathcal{M}^q$ smoothing before extinction for any $q\neq p^*$. The construction of counterexamples is based on new uniqueness and comparison results for very weak solutions, combined with the existence of self-similar solutions with suitable properties. The same approach yields new counterexamples for both forward and backward smoothing effects also in the local case $σ=2$.