Luminosity-weighted galaxy and gravitational wave cross-correlations

Abstract

Cross-correlations of galaxies and gravitational waves (GW) can be used to extract cosmological parameters and the gravitational wave bias. In this work, we study how to include galaxy luminosities in these spatial cross-correlations, inspired by the standard approach of dark sirens line-of-sight redshift priors. We present a formalism to include luminosity information in galaxy-GW simulations and study the effects of assigning a hosting probability that depends on luminosity through a simple power law $p_{\rm{host}} \propto L^β$ with $β\in \{0,1,2\}$ corresponding to uniformly, linear and quadratically weighted in luminosity. This effectively changes the GW linear bias with respect to dark matter and, in principle, allows to gain signal-to-noise and a sharper measurement of cosmological parameters. For a realistic luminosity dependence of the galaxy bias taken from DESI data, the gain is marginal, making the method robust to different luminosity weighting prescriptions. We show that the cross-correlation inference is able to recover the injected GW bias within $10\%$ if there is a mismatch between the injected linear bias of host galaxies and observed galaxies, provided that one sticks to relatively large scales. We also show that the Hubble constant and matter energy density can be recovered to $0.5\%$ and $5\%$ respectively with a third generation network of GW detectors, regardless of the modeling of the GW bias.